30            Cotton Rat

                        SIGMODON HISPIDUM.--SAY AND ORD.
                              [Sigmodon hispidus]

                                  COTTON-RAT.
                              [Hispid Cotton Rat]

                                   PLATE XXX.


     S. flavo fuscescens, infra cinereum; cauda corpore breviore; auribus amplis
rotundatisque; Tamiae Lysteri magnitudine.
                                 CHARACTERS.

     Size of the chipping squirrel, (T. Lysteri;) tail, shorter than the body;
ears, broad and rounded; above, dark yellowish-brown; cinereous beneath.


                                   SYNONYMES.

     MARSH-RAT, Lawson's Carolina, 1709, p. 125.
     THE WOOD-RAT, Bertram's Travels in East Florida,, 1791, p. 124.
     SIGMODON HISPIDUM, Say and Ord, Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc., Phila., vol. iv.,
       pt. 2, p. 354,  read March 22d, 1825.
     ARVICOLA HORTENSIS, HARLAN, Fauna, 1825, p. 138.
     ARVICOLA HISPIDUS, GODMAN, vol. ii., p. 68, 1826.
     ARVICOLA HORTENSIS, Griffith, Cuvier, vol. v., sp. 547.


                                  DESCRIPTION.

     In its general external appearance this species approaches nearer to the
genus ARVICOLA than to Mus.  It has the thick short form of the former, and the
broad and rather long ears of many species of the latter.  The fur is long and
coarse.
     Head, of moderate size, rather long; nose, pointed; whiskers, few, weak,
and shorter than the head; eyes, of moderate size and rather prominent; ears,
broad, rounded, and slightly covered with hair.
     Fore-legs, rather short and slender; four toes on each foot, the middle
ones nearly of equal length, the inner one a size shorter, and the outer
shortest; there is also a rudimentary thumb, protected by a strong conical nail.
Hind-legs, stouter; five toes on each foot, much longer than those on the
fore-feet; middle claw longest, the two on each side nearly equal, the outer,
not one-third the length of the others, and the inner, which rises far back,
shortest of all; nails, rather small, sharp, and slightly arched; toes, covered
with hair extending to the roots of the nails; tail clothed with short hairs.


                                    COLOUR.

     Hairs, on the whole upper surface of the body of a dark plumbeous colour
from the roots to near the extremities, edged with brown, and irregularly tipped
with black; giving it a rusty reddish-brown appearance.  The ears, head and
tail, are of the colour of the back; chin, throat, and under surface of body,
dull-white, the hairs being ashy-gray at the roots, and whitish at the points.


                                  DIMENSIONS.
                                                                Inches.

     From point of nose to root of tail  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   6
     Tail  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   4
     Length of ear  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1/2 do.
     Breadth of ear .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     1/2 do.
     From eye to point of nose  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .     5/8 do.
     From point of nose to ear  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   1 1/2 do.
     From heel to point of longest nail  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   1 1/2 do.


                                    HABITS.

     This is the most common wood-rat existing in the Southern States, being
even more abundant than any of the species of meadow-mice in the Northern and
Eastern States.  It is however a resident rather of hedges, ditches, and
deserted old fields, than of gardens or cultivated grounds; it occasions very
little injury to the planter.  Although its paths are everywhere seen through
the fields, it does not seem to destroy many plants or vegetables.  It feeds on
the seeds of coarse grasses and leguminous plants, and devours a considerable
quantity of animal food.  In its habits it is gregarious.  We have seen spots of
half an acre covered over with tall weeds, (Solidago and Eupatorium,) which were
traversed in every direction by the Cotton-Rat, and which must have contained
several hundred individuals.
     Although this species does not reject grains and grasses, it gives the
preference in all cases to animal food, and we have never found any species of
rat more decidedly carnivorous.  Robins, partridges, or other birds that are
wounded and drop among the long grass or weeds in the neighbourhood of their
burrows are speedily devoured by them.  They may sometimes be seen running about
the ditches with crayfish (Astacus Bartoni) in their mouths, and have been known
to subsist on Crustacea, especially the little crabs called fiddlers, (Gelasimus
vocans.)
     We have frequently kept Cotton-Rats in cages; they killed and devoured
every other species placed with them, and afterwards attacked each other; the
weakest were killed and eaten by the strongest.  They fight fiercely, and one of
them will overpower a Florida rat twice its own size.
     The old males when in confinement almost invariably destroy their young.
     This species delights in sucking eggs, and we have known a Virginian
partridge nest as completely demolished by these animals as if it had been
visited by the Norway rat.  They will sometimes leave Indian-corn and other
grain untouched, when placed as a bait for them in traps, but they are easily
caught when the traps are baited with meat of any kind.
     Although the Cotton-Rat is nocturnal in its habits, it may frequently be
seen by day; and in places where it is seldom disturbed, it can generally be
found at all hours.
     The galleries of this species often run twenty or thirty yards under
ground, but not far beneath the surface; and the ridges thrown up as the animals
excavate their galleries, can often be traced along the surface of the earth for
a considerable distance, like those formed by the common shrew-mole.
     Each burrow or hole contains apparently only one family, a pair of old ones
with their young; but their various galleries often intersect each other, and
many nests may be found within the compass of a few yards; they are composed of
withered grasses, are not very large, and may usually be found within a foot of
the surface.  In summer the nests are often seen in a cavity of the earth, on
the surface in some meadow, or among rank weeds.
     This is a very prolific species, producing young early in spring, and
through all the summer months, till late in autumn.  We have on several
occasions known their young born and reared in cages.  They produce from four to
eight at a litter.  The young are of a bright chesnut-brown colour, and at the
age of five or six days begin to leave the nest, are very active and sprightly,
and attain their full growth in about five months.
     This species has no other note than a low squeak, a little hoarser than
that of the common mouse; when captured it is far more savage than the Florida
rat.  On one occasion, while seizing one of them, we were bitten completely
through a finger covered by a buckskin glove.
     The Cotton-Rat is fond of burrowing in the old banks of abandoned
rice-fields.  In such situations we have, during freshets, observed that it
could both swim and dive like the water-rat of Europe, and WILSON's meadow-mouse
of the Middle States.
     This species supplies a considerable number of animals and birds with food.
Foxes and wild-cats especially, destroy thousands; we have observed minks
coursing along the marshes in pursuit of them, and have frequently seen them
with one of these Rats in their mouth.  Marsh-hawks, and several other species,
may be constantly seen in the autumn and winter months sailing over the fields,
looking out for the Cotton-Rat.  No animal in the Southern States becomes more
regularly the food of several species of owls than this.  The barred owl
(Syrnium nebulosum) is seen as early as the setting of the sun, flitting along
the edges of old fields, seeking to make its usual evening meal on it or carry
it off as food for its young.  We were invited some years since to examine the
nest of the American barn-owl (Strix Americana) in the loft of a sugar refinery
in Charleston.  There were several young of different sizes, and we ascertained
that the only food on which they were fed was this Rat, to obtain which the old
birds must have gone several miles.
     The Cotton-Rat has obtained its name from its supposed habit of making its
nest with cotton which it is said to collect for the purpose in large
quantities.  We have occasionally, although very seldom, seen cotton in its
nest, but we have more frequently found it composed of leaves and withered
grasses.  Indeed, this species does not appear to be very choice in selecting
materials for building its nest, using indiscriminately any suitable substance
in the vicinity.  We should have preferred a more characteristic English name
for this Rat, but as it already has three names, Cotton-Rat, Hairy Campagnol,
and Wood-Rat, the latter being in Carolina applied both to this and the Florida
rat, we have concluded not to add another, although one more appropriate might
be found.


                           GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

     We have traced the Cotton-Rat as far north as Virginia, and have seen it in
North Carolina, near Weldon and Wilmington.  It is exceedingly abundant in South
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, traces
of it are every where seen.  We have received a specimen from Galveston, Texas,
but have had no opportunity of ascertaining whether it exists farther south.


                                GENERAL REMARKS.

     Although this species was noticed by LAWSON a century and a half ago, it
was not described until a comparatively recent period.  ORD obtained specimens
in Florida in 1818., and it was generally supposed that it was not found further
to the north.  In the spring of 1815, three years earlier than Mr. ORD, We
procured a dozen specimens in Carolina, which we neglected to describe.  SAY and
ORD, and HARLAN, described it about the same time, (in 1825,) and GODMAN a year
afterwards.  We prefer adopting the name given to it by the individual who first
brought it to the notice of naturalists.  In its teeth it differs in a few
particulars from ARVICOLA, and approaches nearer to Mus.